R&D expenditure (% of GDP) in Europe & Central Asia in 2023 — 2.14%. Since 1996, the indicator has risen by 0.5 pp.
1996–2023 · % of GDP
How the value compares with the world and the groups this territory belongs to: Europe & Central Asia
| Year | % | Change, pp |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2.14 | +0.08 pp |
| 2022 | 2.06 | −0.11 pp |
| 2021 | 2.17 | −0.02 pp |
| 2020 | 2.19 | +0.07 pp |
| 2019 | 2.12 | +0.06 pp |
| 2018 | 2.06 | +0.04 pp |
| 2017 | 2.03 | +0.05 pp |
| 2016 | 1.97 | −0.02 pp |
| 2015 | 1.99 | +0.07 pp |
| 2014 | 1.92 | +0.12 pp |
| 2013 | 1.8 | −0.02 pp |
| 2012 | 1.82 | +0.05 pp |
| 2011 | 1.77 | +0.01 pp |
| 2010 | 1.77 | −0.04 pp |
| 2009 | 1.8 | +0.09 pp |
| 2008 | 1.72 | +0.06 pp |
| 2007 | 1.65 | +0 pp |
| 2006 | 1.65 | +0.01 pp |
| 2005 | 1.65 | −0.05 pp |
| 2004 | 1.69 | −0.02 pp |
| 2003 | 1.72 | +0.02 pp |
| 2002 | 1.69 | −0.02 pp |
| 2001 | 1.72 | +0.04 pp |
| 2000 | 1.68 | −0.02 pp |
| 1999 | 1.7 | +0.09 pp |
| 1998 | 1.6 | −0.02 pp |
| 1997 | 1.63 | −0.02 pp |
| 1996 | 1.64 | — |
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP — all current and capital spending by business, government, universities and nonprofit organizations on basic and applied research. The threshold of 3% of GDP is the target adopted in the EU; the leaders (Israel, South Korea) exceed 4.5%.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), license CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
The number of researchers per million residents — in full-time equivalent.
Education Patent applications by residentsHow many patent applications residents of a country file per year.
Education Scientific and technical journal articlesThe number of articles in scientific and technical journals per year.
Trade High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)What part of manufactured exports consists of high-technology products.