R&D expenditure (% of GDP) in Eastern Europe in 2023 — 1.08%. Since 1996, the indicator has risen by 0.24 pp.
1996–2023 · % of GDP
How the value compares with the world and the groups this territory belongs to: Eastern Europe
| Year | % | Change, pp |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 1.08 | +0.05 pp |
| 2022 | 1.03 | −0.04 pp |
| 2021 | 1.07 | −0.06 pp |
| 2020 | 1.13 | +0.05 pp |
| 2019 | 1.08 | +0.04 pp |
| 2018 | 1.04 | −0.02 pp |
| 2017 | 1.06 | +0.04 pp |
| 2016 | 1.02 | −0.05 pp |
| 2015 | 1.08 | +0.04 pp |
| 2014 | 1.04 | +0.04 pp |
| 2013 | 1 | +0.01 pp |
| 2012 | 0.99 | +0.05 pp |
| 2011 | 0.95 | −0.03 pp |
| 2010 | 0.98 | −0.03 pp |
| 2009 | 1.01 | +0.11 pp |
| 2008 | 0.9 | −0.03 pp |
| 2007 | 0.93 | +0.03 pp |
| 2006 | 0.9 | +0.01 pp |
| 2005 | 0.89 | −0.03 pp |
| 2004 | 0.91 | −0.05 pp |
| 2003 | 0.96 | +0.03 pp |
| 2002 | 0.94 | +0.02 pp |
| 2001 | 0.92 | +0.06 pp |
| 2000 | 0.85 | +0.03 pp |
| 1999 | 0.82 | −0.01 pp |
| 1998 | 0.83 | −0.09 pp |
| 1997 | 0.91 | +0.07 pp |
| 1996 | 0.84 | — |
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP — all current and capital spending by business, government, universities and nonprofit organizations on basic and applied research. The threshold of 3% of GDP is the target adopted in the EU; the leaders (Israel, South Korea) exceed 4.5%.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), license CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
The number of researchers per million residents — in full-time equivalent.
Education Patent applications by residentsHow many patent applications residents of a country file per year.
Education Scientific and technical journal articlesThe number of articles in scientific and technical journals per year.